Electricity Grid Review 2025: The Netherlands
January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025
Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)
1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)
Correlation coefficient: -0.77 (2024), -0.84 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.
1.1 Daily Price Extremes
Based on daily average prices
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Daily Avg | €355.9 (Dec 12, 2024) | €224.4 (Jan 20, 2025) |
| Lowest Daily Avg | €-10.4 (Jul 06, 2024) | €-1.1 (Oct 04, 2025) |
| Negative Price Days | 3 | 1 |
| Negative Price Hours | 458 | 584 |
1.2 Hourly Price Extremes
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Price | €873.0 (Dec 12, 2024 16:00) | €523.5 (Jan 20, 2025 16:00) |
| Lowest Price | €-200.0 (May 1, 2024 11:00) | €-350.0 (May 11, 2025 11:00) |
1.3 Days by Price Range
Based on daily average prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| €0-50 | 57 | 31 | -26 |
| €51-100 | 247 | 243 | -4 |
| €101-150 | 56 | 81 | +25 |
| €151-200 | 4 | 8 | +4 |
| €201+ | 2 | 2 | 0 |
1.4 Hours by Price Range
Based on hourly prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | 458 | 584 | +126 |
| €0-50 | 1,336 | 865 | -471 |
| €51-100 | 4,656 | 4,069 | -587 |
| €101-150 | 1,963 | 2,645 | +682 |
| €151-200 | 189 | 404 | +215 |
| €201+ | 98 | 127 | +29 |
1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day
1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)
584 hours with negative prices across 116 days. Most negative: €-350.0/MWh.
Average daily price swing: €124/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €477/MWh on 2025-07-01 (low: €40, high: €518).
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +97% vs 2024
Possible explanation: Extended Dunkelflaute conditions in early 2025 brought cold, windless weather to the Netherlands. Wind output dropped 25% YoY while coal generation surged 162% and gas rose 37% to fill the gap, pushing February prices to €126/MWh - nearly double 2024 levels. [Data: wind: 3.9 GW (-25% YoY); coal: 2.4 GW (+162% YoY); gas: 7.3 GW (+37% YoY)]
1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap
Price Heatmap
€/MWh
hourly range: -350-524
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
2. Load
2.1 Monthly Load
2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day
Peak demand at 12:00 (18.6 GW). Minimum at 02:00 (9.8 GW).
2.3 Weekday vs Weekend
2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)
Evening ramp of 3.8 GW from belly (11:00) to evening peak (18:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.
2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns
The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.
Winter (Dec-Feb)
Belly: 7.2 GW @ 02:00 | Peak: 11.0 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 3.8 GW
Spring (Mar-May)
Belly: 3.4 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 8.8 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 5.4 GW
Summer (Jun-Aug)
Belly: 2.9 GW @ 11:00 | Peak: 8.9 GW @ 19:00 | Ramp: 6.0 GW
Fall (Sep-Nov)
Belly: 5.4 GW @ 01:00 | Peak: 9.0 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 3.6 GW
Summer shows the most pronounced duck curve with an evening ramp of 6.0 GW, 2.2 GW larger than winter (3.8 GW). This reflects higher solar penetration in summer months creating steeper ramping requirements.
2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)
| Rank | Highest Load | Date | Lowest Load | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26913.5 GW | 2025-06-12 12:00 | 4.9 GW | 2025-12-04 16:00 |
| 2 | 26668.0 GW | 2025-06-12 11:00 | 51.3 GW | 2025-12-05 17:00 |
| 3 | 26017.9 GW | 2025-06-23 13:00 | 72.2 GW | 2025-12-04 07:00 |
3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
Production-based carbon intensity is 11.8g higher than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (11.6g in 2025). This means Netherlands's imports are cleaner than domestic production, lowering the carbon footprint of consumed electricity.
3.1 Monthly Production Mix
3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)
3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix
3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix
Netherlands produces no hydro power locally, but ~2% of consumed electricity comes from hydro imports.
3.5 Power Mix Comparison
Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source
| Source | Prod 2024 | Flow-traced 2024 | Prod 2025 | Flow-traced 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gas | 38.1% | 34.8% | 36.1% (-2.0pp) | 33.8% (-1.0pp) |
| Wind | 27.6% | 28.0% | 25.4% (-2.2pp) | 26.3% (-1.7pp) |
| Solar | 20.6% | 18.8% | 24.0% (+3.4pp) | 22.9% (+4.1pp) |
| Coal | 6.0% | 6.3% | 7.1% (+1.1pp) | 6.9% (+0.6pp) |
| Biomass | 4.8% | 5.0% | 4.6% (-0.2pp) | 4.6% (-0.4pp) |
| Nuclear | 2.8% | 3.9% | 2.9% (+0.1pp) | 3.3% (-0.6pp) |
| Hydro | 0.0% | 3.1% | 0.0% (+0.0pp) | 2.0% (-1.1pp) |
| Hydro Storage | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% (+0.0pp) | 0.1% (+0.0pp) |
3.6 Key Trend
Netherlands's electricity consumption is led by ~33.8% gas. Solar saw the biggest growth from 18.8% to 22.9%.
4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows
Netherlands exported a net 13.65 TWh in 2025.
4.1 2025 Gross Exports (The Netherlands → Neighbor)
Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity
4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → The Netherlands)
Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity
4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)
| Neighbor | Net (TWh) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| BE | +9.33 | Net Exporter |
| DE | +5.81 | Net Exporter |
| GB | +0.38 | Net Exporter |
| DK-DK1 | +0.03 | Net Exporter |
| NO-NO2 | -2.08 | Net Importer |
Positive = The Netherlands is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = The Netherlands is net importer from that neighbor.
4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day
Peak exports at 11:00 (3.0 GW avg). Peak imports at 01:00 (0.8 GW avg).
5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
5.1 Daily Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 88.6 g (Jul 04, 2024) | 69.7 g (Sep 15, 2025) |
| Lowest Fossil % | 12.7% (Jul 04, 2024) | 9.2% (Sep 15, 2025) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 500.4 g (Dec 12, 2024) | 507.0 g (Jan 19, 2025) |
| Highest Fossil % | 83.1% (Dec 12, 2024) | 84.4% (Jan 19, 2025) |
5.2 Hourly Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 62.8 g (Jul 4, 2024 12:00) | 57.1 g (Sep 16, 2025 09:00) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 526.6 g (Dec 12, 2024 06:00) | 534.2 g (Apr 22, 2025 01:00) |
5.3 Days Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 1 | 6 | +5 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 99 | 117 | +18 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 253 | 242 | -11 |
5.4 Hours Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 482 | 1,063 | +581 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 3,013 | 3,152 | +139 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 5,051 | 4,820 | -231 |
5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day
5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns
Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.
Winter (Dec-Feb)
Peak: 371 g @ 17:00 | Trough: 267 g @ 12:00 | Spread: 103 g
Spring (Mar-May)
Peak: 378 g @ 20:00 | Trough: 117 g @ 12:00 | Spread: 261 g
Summer (Jun-Aug)
Peak: 367 g @ 20:00 | Trough: 92 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 276 g
Fall (Sep-Nov)
Peak: 340 g @ 18:00 | Trough: 174 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 167 g
Summer offers the lowest carbon intensity, with midday troughs reaching 92 gCO₂/kWh—66% lower than winter. Scheduling flexible loads during seasonal low-carbon windows maximizes emission reductions.
5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +22% vs Jan 2024
Possible explanation: Dunkelflaute conditions brought low wind speeds to the Netherlands, with wind output falling 22% YoY. Coal generation more than doubled (+152%) and gas increased 12% to compensate, pushing carbon intensity from 295 to 361 g/kWh. [Data: wind: 3.9 GW (-22% YoY); coal: 2.1 GW (+152% YoY); gas: 7.6 GW (+12% YoY)]
Change: +31% vs Feb 2024
Possible explanation: The February 2025 Dunkelflaute severely impacted Dutch wind generation, which fell 25% YoY. Coal plants ramped up dramatically (+162% YoY) while gas also increased (+37%), driving carbon intensity from 272 to 357 g/kWh. The Netherlands experienced its least windy start to the year in 15 years. [Data: wind: 3.9 GW (-25% YoY); coal: 2.4 GW (+162% YoY); gas: 7.3 GW (+37% YoY)]
Change: +32% vs Apr 2024
Possible explanation: Continued calm spring conditions kept wind output depressed, dropping 48% YoY in April. Despite higher solar output (+47%), coal generation remained elevated (+205% YoY) to meet demand, keeping carbon intensity 32% higher than April 2024. [Data: wind: 2.5 GW (-48% YoY); solar: 5.2 GW (+47% YoY); coal: 1.1 GW (+205% YoY)]
Change: -25% vs May 2024
Possible explanation: Wind conditions normalized in May 2025, with output jumping 61% YoY. Combined with strong solar growth (+36%), coal generation plummeted 85% and gas dropped 10%, bringing carbon intensity down 25% from May 2024 levels. [Data: wind: 4.0 GW (+61% YoY); solar: 6.1 GW (+36% YoY); coal: 0.06 GW (-85% YoY)]
1,819 hours with both low price (<€69/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<150 gCO₂eq/kWh).
5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap
Carbon Intensity Heatmap
gCO₂eq/kWh
hourly range: 57-534
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)
Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids
6.1 Days Above Thresholds
Days with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 244 | 244 | 0 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 145 | 163 | +18 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 53 | 74 | +21 |
6.2 Hours Above Thresholds
Hours with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 4,726 | 4,583 | -143 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 3,547 | 3,644 | +97 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 2,154 | 2,597 | +443 |
6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap
Renewable % Heatmap
%
hourly range: 7-94
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
Electricity Grid Review 2025: The Netherlands
January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025
Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)
1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)
Correlation coefficient: -0.77 (2024), -0.84 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.
1.1 Daily Price Extremes
Based on daily average prices
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Daily Avg | €355.9 (Dec 12, 2024) | €224.4 (Jan 20, 2025) |
| Lowest Daily Avg | €-10.4 (Jul 06, 2024) | €-1.1 (Oct 04, 2025) |
| Negative Price Days | 3 | 1 |
| Negative Price Hours | 458 | 584 |
1.2 Hourly Price Extremes
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Price | €873.0 (Dec 12, 2024 16:00) | €523.5 (Jan 20, 2025 16:00) |
| Lowest Price | €-200.0 (May 1, 2024 11:00) | €-350.0 (May 11, 2025 11:00) |
1.3 Days by Price Range
Based on daily average prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| €0-50 | 57 | 31 | -26 |
| €51-100 | 247 | 243 | -4 |
| €101-150 | 56 | 81 | +25 |
| €151-200 | 4 | 8 | +4 |
| €201+ | 2 | 2 | 0 |
1.4 Hours by Price Range
Based on hourly prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | 458 | 584 | +126 |
| €0-50 | 1,336 | 865 | -471 |
| €51-100 | 4,656 | 4,069 | -587 |
| €101-150 | 1,963 | 2,645 | +682 |
| €151-200 | 189 | 404 | +215 |
| €201+ | 98 | 127 | +29 |
1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day
1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)
584 hours with negative prices across 116 days. Most negative: €-350.0/MWh.
Average daily price swing: €124/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €477/MWh on 2025-07-01 (low: €40, high: €518).
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +97% vs 2024
Possible explanation: Extended Dunkelflaute conditions in early 2025 brought cold, windless weather to the Netherlands. Wind output dropped 25% YoY while coal generation surged 162% and gas rose 37% to fill the gap, pushing February prices to €126/MWh - nearly double 2024 levels. [Data: wind: 3.9 GW (-25% YoY); coal: 2.4 GW (+162% YoY); gas: 7.3 GW (+37% YoY)]
1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap
Price Heatmap
€/MWh
hourly range: -350-524
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
2. Load
2.1 Monthly Load
2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day
Peak demand at 12:00 (18.6 GW). Minimum at 02:00 (9.8 GW).
2.3 Weekday vs Weekend
2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)
Evening ramp of 3.8 GW from belly (11:00) to evening peak (18:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.
2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns
The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.
Winter (Dec-Feb)
Belly: 7.2 GW @ 02:00 | Peak: 11.0 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 3.8 GW
Spring (Mar-May)
Belly: 3.4 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 8.8 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 5.4 GW
Summer (Jun-Aug)
Belly: 2.9 GW @ 11:00 | Peak: 8.9 GW @ 19:00 | Ramp: 6.0 GW
Fall (Sep-Nov)
Belly: 5.4 GW @ 01:00 | Peak: 9.0 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 3.6 GW
Summer shows the most pronounced duck curve with an evening ramp of 6.0 GW, 2.2 GW larger than winter (3.8 GW). This reflects higher solar penetration in summer months creating steeper ramping requirements.
2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)
| Rank | Highest Load | Date | Lowest Load | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26913.5 GW | 2025-06-12 12:00 | 4.9 GW | 2025-12-04 16:00 |
| 2 | 26668.0 GW | 2025-06-12 11:00 | 51.3 GW | 2025-12-05 17:00 |
| 3 | 26017.9 GW | 2025-06-23 13:00 | 72.2 GW | 2025-12-04 07:00 |
3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
Production-based carbon intensity is 11.8g higher than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (11.6g in 2025). This means Netherlands's imports are cleaner than domestic production, lowering the carbon footprint of consumed electricity.
3.1 Monthly Production Mix
3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)
3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix
3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix
Netherlands produces no hydro power locally, but ~2% of consumed electricity comes from hydro imports.
3.5 Power Mix Comparison
Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source
| Source | Prod 2024 | Flow-traced 2024 | Prod 2025 | Flow-traced 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gas | 38.1% | 34.8% | 36.1% (-2.0pp) | 33.8% (-1.0pp) |
| Wind | 27.6% | 28.0% | 25.4% (-2.2pp) | 26.3% (-1.7pp) |
| Solar | 20.6% | 18.8% | 24.0% (+3.4pp) | 22.9% (+4.1pp) |
| Coal | 6.0% | 6.3% | 7.1% (+1.1pp) | 6.9% (+0.6pp) |
| Biomass | 4.8% | 5.0% | 4.6% (-0.2pp) | 4.6% (-0.4pp) |
| Nuclear | 2.8% | 3.9% | 2.9% (+0.1pp) | 3.3% (-0.6pp) |
| Hydro | 0.0% | 3.1% | 0.0% (+0.0pp) | 2.0% (-1.1pp) |
| Hydro Storage | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% (+0.0pp) | 0.1% (+0.0pp) |
3.6 Key Trend
Netherlands's electricity consumption is led by ~33.8% gas. Solar saw the biggest growth from 18.8% to 22.9%.
4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows
Netherlands exported a net 13.65 TWh in 2025.
4.1 2025 Gross Exports (The Netherlands → Neighbor)
Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity
4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → The Netherlands)
Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity
4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)
| Neighbor | Net (TWh) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| BE | +9.33 | Net Exporter |
| DE | +5.81 | Net Exporter |
| GB | +0.38 | Net Exporter |
| DK-DK1 | +0.03 | Net Exporter |
| NO-NO2 | -2.08 | Net Importer |
Positive = The Netherlands is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = The Netherlands is net importer from that neighbor.
4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day
Peak exports at 11:00 (3.0 GW avg). Peak imports at 01:00 (0.8 GW avg).
5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
5.1 Daily Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 88.6 g (Jul 04, 2024) | 69.7 g (Sep 15, 2025) |
| Lowest Fossil % | 12.7% (Jul 04, 2024) | 9.2% (Sep 15, 2025) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 500.4 g (Dec 12, 2024) | 507.0 g (Jan 19, 2025) |
| Highest Fossil % | 83.1% (Dec 12, 2024) | 84.4% (Jan 19, 2025) |
5.2 Hourly Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 62.8 g (Jul 4, 2024 12:00) | 57.1 g (Sep 16, 2025 09:00) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 526.6 g (Dec 12, 2024 06:00) | 534.2 g (Apr 22, 2025 01:00) |
5.3 Days Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 1 | 6 | +5 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 99 | 117 | +18 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 253 | 242 | -11 |
5.4 Hours Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 482 | 1,063 | +581 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 3,013 | 3,152 | +139 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 5,051 | 4,820 | -231 |
5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day
5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns
Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.
Winter (Dec-Feb)
Peak: 371 g @ 17:00 | Trough: 267 g @ 12:00 | Spread: 103 g
Spring (Mar-May)
Peak: 378 g @ 20:00 | Trough: 117 g @ 12:00 | Spread: 261 g
Summer (Jun-Aug)
Peak: 367 g @ 20:00 | Trough: 92 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 276 g
Fall (Sep-Nov)
Peak: 340 g @ 18:00 | Trough: 174 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 167 g
Summer offers the lowest carbon intensity, with midday troughs reaching 92 gCO₂/kWh—66% lower than winter. Scheduling flexible loads during seasonal low-carbon windows maximizes emission reductions.
5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +22% vs Jan 2024
Possible explanation: Dunkelflaute conditions brought low wind speeds to the Netherlands, with wind output falling 22% YoY. Coal generation more than doubled (+152%) and gas increased 12% to compensate, pushing carbon intensity from 295 to 361 g/kWh. [Data: wind: 3.9 GW (-22% YoY); coal: 2.1 GW (+152% YoY); gas: 7.6 GW (+12% YoY)]
Change: +31% vs Feb 2024
Possible explanation: The February 2025 Dunkelflaute severely impacted Dutch wind generation, which fell 25% YoY. Coal plants ramped up dramatically (+162% YoY) while gas also increased (+37%), driving carbon intensity from 272 to 357 g/kWh. The Netherlands experienced its least windy start to the year in 15 years. [Data: wind: 3.9 GW (-25% YoY); coal: 2.4 GW (+162% YoY); gas: 7.3 GW (+37% YoY)]
Change: +32% vs Apr 2024
Possible explanation: Continued calm spring conditions kept wind output depressed, dropping 48% YoY in April. Despite higher solar output (+47%), coal generation remained elevated (+205% YoY) to meet demand, keeping carbon intensity 32% higher than April 2024. [Data: wind: 2.5 GW (-48% YoY); solar: 5.2 GW (+47% YoY); coal: 1.1 GW (+205% YoY)]
Change: -25% vs May 2024
Possible explanation: Wind conditions normalized in May 2025, with output jumping 61% YoY. Combined with strong solar growth (+36%), coal generation plummeted 85% and gas dropped 10%, bringing carbon intensity down 25% from May 2024 levels. [Data: wind: 4.0 GW (+61% YoY); solar: 6.1 GW (+36% YoY); coal: 0.06 GW (-85% YoY)]
1,819 hours with both low price (<€69/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<150 gCO₂eq/kWh).
5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap
Carbon Intensity Heatmap
gCO₂eq/kWh
hourly range: 57-534
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)
Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids
6.1 Days Above Thresholds
Days with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 244 | 244 | 0 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 145 | 163 | +18 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 53 | 74 | +21 |
6.2 Hours Above Thresholds
Hours with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 4,726 | 4,583 | -143 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 3,547 | 3,644 | +97 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 2,154 | 2,597 | +443 |
6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap
Renewable % Heatmap
%
hourly range: 7-94
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
