Electricity Grid Review 2025: Spain
January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025
Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)
1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)
Correlation coefficient: -0.86 (2024), -0.70 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.
1.1 Daily Price Extremes
Based on daily average prices
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Daily Avg | €146.5 (Dec 12, 2024) | €145.1 (Jan 20, 2025) |
| Lowest Daily Avg | €0.4 (Apr 05, 2024) | €1.5 (Apr 19, 2025) |
| Negative Price Days | 0 | 0 |
| Negative Price Hours | 244 | 477 |
1.2 Hourly Price Extremes
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Price | €193.0 (Nov 5, 2024 17:00) | €255.0 (Sep 17, 2025 19:00) |
| Lowest Price | €-2.0 (Jun 16, 2024 09:00) | €-15.0 (May 11, 2025 14:00) |
1.3 Days by Price Range
Based on daily average prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| €0-50 | 141 | 124 | -17 |
| €51-100 | 155 | 183 | +28 |
| €101-150 | 70 | 58 | -12 |
| €151-200 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| €201+ | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.4 Hours by Price Range
Based on hourly prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | 244 | 477 | +233 |
| €0-50 | 2,825 | 2,652 | -173 |
| €51-100 | 2,901 | 2,696 | -205 |
| €101-150 | 2,031 | 2,157 | +126 |
| €151-200 | 170 | 260 | +90 |
| €201+ | 0 | 23 | +23 |
1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day
1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)
477 hours with negative prices across 94 days. Most negative: €-15.0/MWh.
Average daily price swing: €98/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €228/MWh on 2025-09-17 (low: €27, high: €255).
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +172% vs 2024
Possible explanation: Wind output dropped 44% YoY in February 2025 due to low wind conditions across Spain, forcing a 44% increase in gas-fired generation to compensate. This coincided with higher electricity demand during cold weather. [Data: wind: 5.4 GW (-44% YoY); gas: 5.6 GW (+44% YoY); price: €109/MWh (+173% YoY)]
1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap
Price Heatmap
€/MWh
hourly range: -15-255
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
2. Load
2.1 Average Load by Hour of Day
Peak demand at 19:00 (31.2 GW). Minimum at 03:00 (21.4 GW).
2.2 Weekday vs Weekend
2.3 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)
Evening ramp of 11.9 GW from belly (13:00) to evening peak (19:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.
2.4 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)
| Rank | Highest Load | Date | Lowest Load | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 39324.6 GW | 2025-01-15 19:00 | 8924.7 GW | 2025-04-28 12:00 |
| 2 | 39133.4 GW | 2025-01-16 19:00 | 9214.3 GW | 2025-04-28 11:00 |
| 3 | 38921.0 GW | 2025-01-15 20:00 | 9673.5 GW | 2025-04-28 13:00 |
2.5 April 28, 2025: Iberian Peninsula Blackout
At 12:33 CEST on April 28, 2025, Spain and Portugal experienced the largest blackout in European history in over two decades. The peninsular grid lost 15 GW of generation capacity in just 5 seconds — 60% of demand at that moment. Power was interrupted for approximately 10 hours across most of the Iberian Peninsula, with full grid restoration taking nearly 16 hours. The Canary Islands and Balearic Islands (~3 GW combined) were unaffected as they operate on separate grids.
| Timeline | Event |
|---|---|
| 12:33 CEST | Grid collapse begins - frequency drops to 48 Hz |
| 12:33:24 | Complete system collapse - HVDC lines to France disconnect |
| 12:44 | First France-Spain 400 kV line re-energized |
| 13:04 | Spain-Morocco interconnection restored |
| ~18:00 | Power restored to parts of Madrid and Lisbon |
| 04:00 (Apr 29) | Full transmission grid restoration in Spain |
The blackout is clearly visible in our hourly load data: total Spain consumption dropped from 25.1 GW at 09:00 UTC to just 9.2 GW at 11:00 UTC. The ~9 GW floor represents the unaffected island grids (~3 GW) plus partial peninsular restoration during that hour. The actual peninsular load dropped to near zero. Daily average load on April 28 was 17.6 GW vs 23.0 GW the following day. Post-blackout, Spain increased gas-fired generation by 37% to enhance grid stability, contributing to higher carbon intensity in subsequent months.
3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
Production-based carbon intensity is 2.0g higher than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (1.6g in 2025). This means Spain's imports are cleaner than domestic production, lowering the carbon footprint of consumed electricity.
3.1 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)
3.2 Flow-Traced Power Mix
3.3 Import/Export Impact on Mix
Spain produces no hydro storage power locally, but ~3% of consumed electricity comes from hydro storage imports.
3.4 Power Mix Comparison
Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source
| Source | Prod 2024 | Flow-traced 2024 | Prod 2025 | Flow-traced 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind | 24.3% | 23.3% | 22.3% (-2.0pp) | 21.6% (-1.7pp) |
| Nuclear | 21.6% | 22.7% | 20.8% (-0.8pp) | 21.3% (-1.4pp) |
| Gas | 17.5% | 16.9% | 20.9% (+3.4pp) | 20.3% (+3.4pp) |
| Solar | 19.5% | 17.3% | 21.0% (+1.5pp) | 18.8% (+1.5pp) |
| Hydro | 13.2% | 13.3% | 12.1% (-1.1pp) | 12.2% (-1.1pp) |
| Hydro Storage | 0.4% | 2.9% | 0.1% (-0.3pp) | 3.1% (+0.2pp) |
| Biomass | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% (-0.1pp) | 2.1% (+0.0pp) |
| Coal | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.5% (-0.7pp) | 0.5% (-0.7pp) |
| Oil | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% (+0.0pp) | 0.1% (+0.0pp) |
3.5 Key Trend
Spain's electricity consumption is led by ~21.6% wind. Gas saw the biggest growth from 16.9% to 20.3%.
4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows
Spain exported a net 15.38 TWh in 2025.
4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Spain → Neighbor)
Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity
4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Spain)
Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity
4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)
| Neighbor | Net (TWh) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| PT | +8.74 | Net Exporter |
| MA | +3.63 | Net Exporter |
| ES-IB-MA | +1.49 | Net Exporter |
| FR | +0.97 | Net Exporter |
| AD | +0.22 | Net Exporter |
Positive = Spain is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Spain is net importer from that neighbor.
4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day
Peak exports at 14:00 (3.6 GW avg). Peak imports at 19:00 (0.1 GW avg).
5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
5.1 Daily Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 61.7 g (Feb 10, 2024) | 61.1 g (Jan 28, 2025) |
| Lowest Fossil % | 7.8% (Feb 10, 2024) | 7.4% (Jan 28, 2025) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 293.7 g (Dec 11, 2024) | 235.7 g (Jan 20, 2025) |
| Highest Fossil % | 49.7% (Dec 11, 2024) | 40.2% (Oct 14, 2025) |
5.2 Hourly Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 53.3 g (Mar 8, 2024 09:00) | 51.3 g (Jan 27, 2025 21:00) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 319.8 g (Dec 11, 2024 06:00) | 305.2 g (Oct 15, 2025 03:00) |
5.3 Days Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 105 | 49 | -56 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 348 | 353 | +5 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 366 | 365 | -1 |
5.4 Hours Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 3,452 | 2,463 | -989 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 8,085 | 7,978 | -107 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 8,768 | 8,757 | -11 |
5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day
5.6 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +30% vs Feb 2024
Possible explanation: Wind capacity factor reached an all-time low in 2025. February saw wind output drop 44% YoY, requiring 44% more gas generation to meet demand. Higher hydro output (+33% YoY) partially offset this, but carbon intensity still rose significantly. [Data: wind: 5.4 GW (-44% YoY); gas: 5.6 GW (+44% YoY); hydro: 5.5 GW (+33% YoY)]
Change: +21% vs May 2024
Possible explanation: Wind output declined 21% YoY while gas generation increased 39% to compensate. Nuclear output also fell 13% YoY. Despite lower prices (-39% YoY), the shift from wind to gas drove carbon intensity higher. [Data: wind: 4.4 GW (-21% YoY); gas: 4.8 GW (+39% YoY); nuclear: 4.1 GW (-13% YoY)]
Change: +41% vs Jun 2024
Possible explanation: A combination of factors drove the 42% carbon intensity increase: wind output fell 30% YoY, while gas generation surged 85% due to post-blackout grid stability measures and a June heat wave that increased electricity demand 5-10%. Gas-fired output jumped 58% after the April 28 blackout as Spain boosted gas reliance for grid stability. [Data: wind: 4.2 GW (-30% YoY); gas: 7.2 GW (+85% YoY); demand: +5.1% YoY]
Change: +36% vs Oct 2024
Possible explanation: Multiple factors combined to push carbon intensity up 37%: wind output fell 23% YoY, hydro dropped 45% YoY due to low reservoir levels, and nuclear output declined 19% YoY. Gas generation increased 79% YoY to fill the gap from these low-carbon sources. [Data: wind: 5.8 GW (-23% YoY); hydro: 2.0 GW (-45% YoY); nuclear: 5.0 GW (-19% YoY); gas: 7.9 GW (+79% YoY)]
1,149 hours with both low price (<€23/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<98 gCO₂eq/kWh).
5.7 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap
Carbon Intensity Heatmap
gCO₂eq/kWh
hourly range: 51-305
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)
Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids
6.1 Days Above Thresholds
Days with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 304 | 308 | +4 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 177 | 134 | -43 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 46 | 25 | -21 |
6.2 Hours Above Thresholds
Hours with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 6,416 | 6,235 | -181 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 4,531 | 4,186 | -345 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 1,889 | 1,220 | -669 |
6.3 Multi-Level Carbon-Free % Heatmap
Carbon-Free % Heatmap
%
hourly range: 45-95
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
Electricity Grid Review 2025: Spain
January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025
Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)
1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)
Correlation coefficient: -0.86 (2024), -0.70 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.
1.1 Daily Price Extremes
Based on daily average prices
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Daily Avg | €146.5 (Dec 12, 2024) | €145.1 (Jan 20, 2025) |
| Lowest Daily Avg | €0.4 (Apr 05, 2024) | €1.5 (Apr 19, 2025) |
| Negative Price Days | 0 | 0 |
| Negative Price Hours | 244 | 477 |
1.2 Hourly Price Extremes
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Price | €193.0 (Nov 5, 2024 17:00) | €255.0 (Sep 17, 2025 19:00) |
| Lowest Price | €-2.0 (Jun 16, 2024 09:00) | €-15.0 (May 11, 2025 14:00) |
1.3 Days by Price Range
Based on daily average prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| €0-50 | 141 | 124 | -17 |
| €51-100 | 155 | 183 | +28 |
| €101-150 | 70 | 58 | -12 |
| €151-200 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| €201+ | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.4 Hours by Price Range
Based on hourly prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | 244 | 477 | +233 |
| €0-50 | 2,825 | 2,652 | -173 |
| €51-100 | 2,901 | 2,696 | -205 |
| €101-150 | 2,031 | 2,157 | +126 |
| €151-200 | 170 | 260 | +90 |
| €201+ | 0 | 23 | +23 |
1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day
1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)
477 hours with negative prices across 94 days. Most negative: €-15.0/MWh.
Average daily price swing: €98/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €228/MWh on 2025-09-17 (low: €27, high: €255).
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +172% vs 2024
Possible explanation: Wind output dropped 44% YoY in February 2025 due to low wind conditions across Spain, forcing a 44% increase in gas-fired generation to compensate. This coincided with higher electricity demand during cold weather. [Data: wind: 5.4 GW (-44% YoY); gas: 5.6 GW (+44% YoY); price: €109/MWh (+173% YoY)]
1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap
Price Heatmap
€/MWh
hourly range: -15-255
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
2. Load
2.1 Average Load by Hour of Day
Peak demand at 19:00 (31.2 GW). Minimum at 03:00 (21.4 GW).
2.2 Weekday vs Weekend
2.3 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)
Evening ramp of 11.9 GW from belly (13:00) to evening peak (19:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.
2.4 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)
| Rank | Highest Load | Date | Lowest Load | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 39324.6 GW | 2025-01-15 19:00 | 8924.7 GW | 2025-04-28 12:00 |
| 2 | 39133.4 GW | 2025-01-16 19:00 | 9214.3 GW | 2025-04-28 11:00 |
| 3 | 38921.0 GW | 2025-01-15 20:00 | 9673.5 GW | 2025-04-28 13:00 |
2.5 April 28, 2025: Iberian Peninsula Blackout
At 12:33 CEST on April 28, 2025, Spain and Portugal experienced the largest blackout in European history in over two decades. The peninsular grid lost 15 GW of generation capacity in just 5 seconds — 60% of demand at that moment. Power was interrupted for approximately 10 hours across most of the Iberian Peninsula, with full grid restoration taking nearly 16 hours. The Canary Islands and Balearic Islands (~3 GW combined) were unaffected as they operate on separate grids.
| Timeline | Event |
|---|---|
| 12:33 CEST | Grid collapse begins - frequency drops to 48 Hz |
| 12:33:24 | Complete system collapse - HVDC lines to France disconnect |
| 12:44 | First France-Spain 400 kV line re-energized |
| 13:04 | Spain-Morocco interconnection restored |
| ~18:00 | Power restored to parts of Madrid and Lisbon |
| 04:00 (Apr 29) | Full transmission grid restoration in Spain |
The blackout is clearly visible in our hourly load data: total Spain consumption dropped from 25.1 GW at 09:00 UTC to just 9.2 GW at 11:00 UTC. The ~9 GW floor represents the unaffected island grids (~3 GW) plus partial peninsular restoration during that hour. The actual peninsular load dropped to near zero. Daily average load on April 28 was 17.6 GW vs 23.0 GW the following day. Post-blackout, Spain increased gas-fired generation by 37% to enhance grid stability, contributing to higher carbon intensity in subsequent months.
3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
Production-based carbon intensity is 2.0g higher than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (1.6g in 2025). This means Spain's imports are cleaner than domestic production, lowering the carbon footprint of consumed electricity.
3.1 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)
3.2 Flow-Traced Power Mix
3.3 Import/Export Impact on Mix
Spain produces no hydro storage power locally, but ~3% of consumed electricity comes from hydro storage imports.
3.4 Power Mix Comparison
Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source
| Source | Prod 2024 | Flow-traced 2024 | Prod 2025 | Flow-traced 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind | 24.3% | 23.3% | 22.3% (-2.0pp) | 21.6% (-1.7pp) |
| Nuclear | 21.6% | 22.7% | 20.8% (-0.8pp) | 21.3% (-1.4pp) |
| Gas | 17.5% | 16.9% | 20.9% (+3.4pp) | 20.3% (+3.4pp) |
| Solar | 19.5% | 17.3% | 21.0% (+1.5pp) | 18.8% (+1.5pp) |
| Hydro | 13.2% | 13.3% | 12.1% (-1.1pp) | 12.2% (-1.1pp) |
| Hydro Storage | 0.4% | 2.9% | 0.1% (-0.3pp) | 3.1% (+0.2pp) |
| Biomass | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% (-0.1pp) | 2.1% (+0.0pp) |
| Coal | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.5% (-0.7pp) | 0.5% (-0.7pp) |
| Oil | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% (+0.0pp) | 0.1% (+0.0pp) |
3.5 Key Trend
Spain's electricity consumption is led by ~21.6% wind. Gas saw the biggest growth from 16.9% to 20.3%.
4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows
Spain exported a net 15.38 TWh in 2025.
4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Spain → Neighbor)
Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity
4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Spain)
Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity
4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)
| Neighbor | Net (TWh) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| PT | +8.74 | Net Exporter |
| MA | +3.63 | Net Exporter |
| ES-IB-MA | +1.49 | Net Exporter |
| FR | +0.97 | Net Exporter |
| AD | +0.22 | Net Exporter |
Positive = Spain is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Spain is net importer from that neighbor.
4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day
Peak exports at 14:00 (3.6 GW avg). Peak imports at 19:00 (0.1 GW avg).
5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
5.1 Daily Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 61.7 g (Feb 10, 2024) | 61.1 g (Jan 28, 2025) |
| Lowest Fossil % | 7.8% (Feb 10, 2024) | 7.4% (Jan 28, 2025) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 293.7 g (Dec 11, 2024) | 235.7 g (Jan 20, 2025) |
| Highest Fossil % | 49.7% (Dec 11, 2024) | 40.2% (Oct 14, 2025) |
5.2 Hourly Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 53.3 g (Mar 8, 2024 09:00) | 51.3 g (Jan 27, 2025 21:00) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 319.8 g (Dec 11, 2024 06:00) | 305.2 g (Oct 15, 2025 03:00) |
5.3 Days Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 105 | 49 | -56 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 348 | 353 | +5 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 366 | 365 | -1 |
5.4 Hours Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 3,452 | 2,463 | -989 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 8,085 | 7,978 | -107 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 8,768 | 8,757 | -11 |
5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day
5.6 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +30% vs Feb 2024
Possible explanation: Wind capacity factor reached an all-time low in 2025. February saw wind output drop 44% YoY, requiring 44% more gas generation to meet demand. Higher hydro output (+33% YoY) partially offset this, but carbon intensity still rose significantly. [Data: wind: 5.4 GW (-44% YoY); gas: 5.6 GW (+44% YoY); hydro: 5.5 GW (+33% YoY)]
Change: +21% vs May 2024
Possible explanation: Wind output declined 21% YoY while gas generation increased 39% to compensate. Nuclear output also fell 13% YoY. Despite lower prices (-39% YoY), the shift from wind to gas drove carbon intensity higher. [Data: wind: 4.4 GW (-21% YoY); gas: 4.8 GW (+39% YoY); nuclear: 4.1 GW (-13% YoY)]
Change: +41% vs Jun 2024
Possible explanation: A combination of factors drove the 42% carbon intensity increase: wind output fell 30% YoY, while gas generation surged 85% due to post-blackout grid stability measures and a June heat wave that increased electricity demand 5-10%. Gas-fired output jumped 58% after the April 28 blackout as Spain boosted gas reliance for grid stability. [Data: wind: 4.2 GW (-30% YoY); gas: 7.2 GW (+85% YoY); demand: +5.1% YoY]
Change: +36% vs Oct 2024
Possible explanation: Multiple factors combined to push carbon intensity up 37%: wind output fell 23% YoY, hydro dropped 45% YoY due to low reservoir levels, and nuclear output declined 19% YoY. Gas generation increased 79% YoY to fill the gap from these low-carbon sources. [Data: wind: 5.8 GW (-23% YoY); hydro: 2.0 GW (-45% YoY); nuclear: 5.0 GW (-19% YoY); gas: 7.9 GW (+79% YoY)]
1,149 hours with both low price (<€23/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<98 gCO₂eq/kWh).
5.7 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap
Carbon Intensity Heatmap
gCO₂eq/kWh
hourly range: 51-305
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)
Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids
6.1 Days Above Thresholds
Days with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 304 | 308 | +4 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 177 | 134 | -43 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 46 | 25 | -21 |
6.2 Hours Above Thresholds
Hours with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 6,416 | 6,235 | -181 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 4,531 | 4,186 | -345 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 1,889 | 1,220 | -669 |
6.3 Multi-Level Carbon-Free % Heatmap
Carbon-Free % Heatmap
%
hourly range: 45-95
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
