Electricity Grid Review 2025: Greece
January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025
Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)
1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)
Correlation coefficient: -0.62 (2024), -0.73 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.
1.1 Daily Price Extremes
Based on daily average prices
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Daily Avg | €234.3 (Nov 13, 2024) | €215.0 (Jan 15, 2025) |
| Lowest Daily Avg | €26.1 (Apr 28, 2024) | €38.1 (May 04, 2025) |
| Negative Price Days | 0 | 0 |
| Negative Price Hours | 11 | 96 |
1.2 Hourly Price Extremes
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Price | €942.0 (Sep 4, 2024 17:00) | €478.9 (Oct 14, 2025 17:00) |
| Lowest Price | €-1.0 (Apr 28, 2024 07:00) | €-50.0 (May 1, 2025 11:00) |
1.3 Days by Price Range
Based on daily average prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| €0-50 | 20 | 9 | -11 |
| €51-100 | 185 | 172 | -13 |
| €101-150 | 122 | 159 | +37 |
| €151-200 | 32 | 21 | -11 |
| €201+ | 7 | 4 | -3 |
1.4 Hours by Price Range
Based on hourly prices
| Range (€/MWh) | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | 11 | 96 | +85 |
| €0-50 | 937 | 992 | +55 |
| €51-100 | 4,182 | 2,700 | -1,482 |
| €101-150 | 2,674 | 3,350 | +676 |
| €151-200 | 582 | 902 | +320 |
| €201+ | 350 | 388 | +38 |
1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day
1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)
96 hours with negative prices across 26 days. Most negative: €-50.0/MWh.
Average daily price swing: €162/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €479/MWh on 2025-10-14 (low: €0, high: €479).
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +107% vs 2024
1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap
Price Heatmap
€/MWh
hourly range: -50-479
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
2. Load
2.1 Monthly Load
2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day
Peak demand at 10:00 (6.5 GW). Minimum at 01:00 (4.4 GW).
2.3 Weekday vs Weekend
2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)
Evening ramp of 3.4 GW from belly (09:00) to evening peak (17:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.
2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns
The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.
Winter (Dec-Feb)
Belly: 2.9 GW @ 10:00 | Peak: 5.8 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 2.9 GW
Spring (Mar-May)
Belly: 1.4 GW @ 08:00 | Peak: 4.5 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 3.1 GW
Summer (Jun-Aug)
Belly: 1.6 GW @ 08:00 | Peak: 6.1 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 4.4 GW
Fall (Sep-Nov)
Belly: 1.6 GW @ 09:00 | Peak: 4.9 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 3.3 GW
Evening ramps are similar across seasons: winter 2.9 GW, summer 4.4 GW. The grid faces consistent ramping challenges year-round.
2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)
| Rank | Highest Load | Date | Lowest Load | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.9 GW | 2025-07-24 10:00 | 2.7 GW | 2025-04-20 12:00 |
| 2 | 9.8 GW | 2025-07-24 11:00 | 2.8 GW | 2025-04-20 11:00 |
| 3 | 9.8 GW | 2025-07-25 11:00 | 2.9 GW | 2025-10-26 13:00 |
3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
Production-based carbon intensity is 12.9g lower than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (8.7g in 2025). This means Greece's domestic production is slightly cleaner than consumed electricity.
3.1 Monthly Production Mix
3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)
3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix
3.5 Power Mix Comparison
Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source
| Source | Prod 2024 | Flow-traced 2024 | Prod 2025 | Flow-traced 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gas | 42.0% | 39.7% | 44.6% (+2.6pp) | 43.3% (+3.6pp) |
| Solar | 22.6% | 20.9% | 22.9% (+0.3pp) | 21.6% (+0.7pp) |
| Wind | 21.8% | 20.0% | 20.5% (-1.3pp) | 19.3% (-0.7pp) |
| Coal | 6.5% | 9.1% | 5.3% (-1.2pp) | 6.9% (-2.2pp) |
| Hydro | 5.3% | 6.9% | 4.9% (-0.4pp) | 6.0% (-0.9pp) |
| Hydro Storage | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.8% (+0.1pp) | 1.7% (+0.1pp) |
| Nuclear | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% (+0.0pp) | 1.0% (-0.8pp) |
| Biomass | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% (+0.0pp) | 0.1% (+0.0pp) |
3.6 Key Trend
Greece's electricity consumption is dominated by ~43.3% gas. Gas saw the biggest growth from 39.7% to 43.3%.
4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows
Greece exported a net 2.26 TWh in 2025.
4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Greece → Neighbor)
Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity
4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Greece)
Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity
4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)
| Neighbor | Net (TWh) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| IT | +1.28 | Net Exporter |
| MK | +0.96 | Net Exporter |
| BG | +0.15 | Net Exporter |
| TR | -0.21 | Net Importer |
Positive = Greece is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Greece is net importer from that neighbor.
4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day
Peak exports at 07:00 (0.8 GW avg). Peak imports at 00:00 (0.1 GW avg).
5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)
5.1 Daily Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 154.5 g (Apr 08, 2024) | 156.9 g (Sep 20, 2025) |
| Lowest Fossil % | 24.3% (Apr 28, 2024) | 26.5% (Apr 28, 2025) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 484.3 g (Nov 14, 2024) | 460.3 g (Feb 13, 2025) |
| Highest Fossil % | 83.7% (Dec 04, 2024) | 80.8% (Feb 24, 2025) |
5.2 Hourly Records
| Metric | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest Carbon Intensity | 65.7 g (Nov 1, 2024 08:00) | 64.8 g (Aug 27, 2025 10:00) |
| Highest Carbon Intensity | 576.9 g (Sep 3, 2024 22:00) | 559.3 g (Mar 2, 2025 03:00) |
5.3 Days Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 18 | 23 | +5 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 194 | 216 | +22 |
5.4 Hours Below Thresholds
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 gCO₂eq/kWh | 185 | 239 | +54 |
| < 200 gCO₂eq/kWh | 1,830 | 2,010 | +180 |
| < 300 gCO₂eq/kWh | 4,095 | 4,009 | -86 |
5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day
5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns
Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.
Winter (Dec-Feb)
Peak: 435 g @ 23:00 | Trough: 247 g @ 10:00 | Spread: 187 g
Spring (Mar-May)
Peak: 352 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 145 g @ 08:00 | Spread: 207 g
Summer (Jun-Aug)
Peak: 404 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 135 g @ 10:00 | Spread: 269 g
Fall (Sep-Nov)
Peak: 379 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 159 g @ 09:00 | Spread: 220 g
Summer offers the lowest carbon intensity, with midday troughs reaching 135 gCO₂/kWh—46% lower than winter. Scheduling flexible loads during seasonal low-carbon windows maximizes emission reductions.
5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)
Notable monthly evolutions
Change: +27% vs Jan 2024
Change: -21% vs Aug 2024
Change: +27% vs Oct 2024
1,588 hours with both low price (<€83/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<210 gCO₂eq/kWh).
5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap
Carbon Intensity Heatmap
gCO₂eq/kWh
hourly range: 65-559
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)
Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids
6.1 Days Above Thresholds
Days with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 164 | 162 | -2 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 57 | 51 | -6 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 9 | 4 | -5 |
6.2 Hours Above Thresholds
Hours with carbon-free share above threshold
| Threshold | 2024 | 2025 | Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50% carbon-free | 3,745 | 3,497 | -248 |
| ≥60% carbon-free | 2,576 | 2,532 | -44 |
| ≥70% carbon-free | 1,531 | 1,695 | +164 |
6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap
Renewable % Heatmap
%
hourly range: 3-91
Yearly
Monthly
Daily
Hourly
