Electricity Grid Review 2025: Finland

January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025

Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)

1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)

Mean 2024

€46.1

Mean 2025

€40.8

-€5.3

Monthly Average Day-Ahead Price

EUR/MWh

20242025

Price-Carbon Correlation

Correlation coefficient: -0.25 (2024), -0.38 (2025). Moderate correlation between price and carbon intensity.

1.1 Daily Price Extremes

Based on daily average prices

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Daily Avg	€892.7 (Jan 05, 2024)	€210.4 (Aug 22, 2025)
Lowest Daily Avg	€-6.1 (Jul 07, 2024)	€-3.3 (May 14, 2025)
Negative Price Days	13	5
Negative Price Hours	725	465

1.2 Hourly Price Extremes

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Price	€1896.0 (Jan 5, 2024 17:00)	€467.5 (Aug 22, 2025 16:00)
Lowest Price	€-20.0 (Aug 25, 2024 11:00)	€-21.4 (Jun 29, 2025 12:00)

1.3 Days by Price Range

Based on daily average prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
€0-50	241	244	+3
€51-100	89	86	-3
€101-150	26	27	+1
€151-200	7	7	0
€201+	3	1	-2

1.4 Hours by Price Range

Based on hourly prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
Negative	725	465	-260
€0-50	5,111	5,543	+432
€51-100	1,783	1,465	-318
€101-150	613	765	+152
€151-200	199	237	+38
€201+	178	147	-31

1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day

2025 Average Price by Hour

€/MWh

1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)

Price Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Negative Price Events

465 hours with negative prices across 94 days. Most negative: €-21.4/MWh.

Intraday Price Volatility

Average daily price swing: €86/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €411/MWh on 2025-10-14 (low: €45, high: €456).

Notable monthly evolutions

⚠️ Aug 2025: Electricity prices were 334% higher than Aug 2024

Change: +334% vs 2024

1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap

Price Heatmap

€/MWh

40.5 €/MWh yearly avg

hourly range: -21-468

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

600

175

-250

2. Load

Load 2024

80.8 TWh

Load 2025

84.8 TWh

+4.9%

Production 2024

77.6 TWh

Production 2025

79.4 TWh

+2.2%

2.1 Monthly Load

Monthly Consumption vs Production

TWh per month

Consumption 2024Consumption 2025Production 2024Production 2025

2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day

10.15.00

00:0006:0012:0018:0023:00

Load Pattern

Peak demand at 09:00 (10.1 GW). Minimum at 01:00 (8.9 GW).

2.3 Weekday vs Weekend

Weekday Average

9.8 GW

Weekend Average

9.4 GW

2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)

Net Load Pattern (excl. Solar & Wind)

GW

Solar Integration Challenge

Evening ramp of 1.0 GW from belly (01:00) to evening peak (17:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.

2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns

The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 7.6 GW @ 01:00 | Peak: 8.4 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 0.9 GW

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 6.2 GW @ 00:00 | Peak: 7.2 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 1.0 GW

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 5.7 GW @ 01:00 | Peak: 6.9 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 1.2 GW

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 6.0 GW @ 00:00 | Peak: 6.9 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 0.8 GW

Seasonal Comparison

Evening ramps are similar across seasons: winter 0.9 GW, summer 1.2 GW. The grid faces consistent ramping challenges year-round.

2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)

Rank	Highest Load	Date	Lowest Load	Date
1	13.6 GW	2025-12-31 10:00	6.6 GW	2025-06-21 00:00
2	13.5 GW	2025-12-31 09:00	6.7 GW	2025-06-17 01:00
3	13.4 GW	2025-12-31 11:00	6.7 GW	2025-06-16 23:00

3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Key Insight

Production-based carbon intensity is 4.6g higher than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (6.4g in 2025). This means Finland's imports are cleaner than domestic production, lowering the carbon footprint of consumed electricity.

Production-Based 2024

80.3 g

Production-Based 2025

72.8 g

-7.5

Flow-Traced 2024

75.7 g

Flow-Traced 2025

66.4 g

-9.3

3.1 Monthly Production Mix

Production Mix by Month

GWh per month by source

2024: left bars2025: right bars

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)

2024 Production

41%

26%

18%

9%

2025 Production

40%

28%

16%

11%

3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix

2024 Flow-Traced

38%

25%

22%

8%

2025 Flow-Traced

37%

27%

22%

10%

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix

Hydro makes up ~22% of consumed electricity but only ~16% of local production (difference from imports).

3.5 Power Mix Comparison

Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source

Source	Prod 2024	Flow-traced 2024	Prod 2025	Flow-traced 2025
Nuclear	40.8%	38.4%	40.4% (-0.4pp)	37.2% (-1.2pp)
Wind	25.6%	24.6%	27.9% (+2.3pp)	26.6% (+2.0pp)
Hydro	17.8%	22.5%	15.5% (-2.3pp)	21.8% (-0.7pp)
Biomass	8.7%	7.8%	11.4% (+2.7pp)	10.0% (+2.2pp)
Coal	3.8%	3.6%	2.0% (-1.8pp)	1.8% (-1.8pp)
Solar	1.6%	1.6%	1.7% (+0.1pp)	1.7% (+0.1pp)
Gas	1.6%	1.6%	1.1% (-0.5pp)	1.0% (-0.6pp)

3.6 Key Trend

Nuclear Share (Flow-Traced)

Finland's electricity consumption is led by ~37.2% nuclear. Biomass saw the biggest growth from 7.8% to 10.0%.

4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows

Total Exports 2025

6.55 TWh

+8.3%

Total Imports 2025

11.98 TWh

+29.8%

Net Position 2025

-5.42 TWh

Finland: Net Electricity Importer

Finland imported a net 5.42 TWh in 2025.

4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Finland → Neighbor)

Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity

4.83 TWh

2.28 TWh

0.09 TWh

4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Finland)

Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity

22.14 TWh

0.44 TWh

0.15 TWh

4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)

Neighbor	Net (TWh)	Direction
EE	+4.69	Net Exporter
AX	+0.00	Balanced
RU	+0.00	Balanced
NO	-0.35	Net Importer
SE	-19.87	Net Importer

Positive = Finland is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Finland is net importer from that neighbor.

4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day

Cross-Border Flow Pattern by Hour

MW (positive = export, negative = import)

Net ExportNet Import

Cross-Border Flow Timing

Peak imports at 11:00 (0.9 GW avg).

5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Mean 2024

75.7 g

Mean 2025

66.4 g

-9.3

Monthly Average Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh (flow-traced)

20242025

5.1 Daily Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	32.1 g (May 21, 2024)	38.3 g (Sep 23, 2025)
Lowest Fossil %	1.4% (May 21, 2024)	1.5% (Aug 07, 2025)
Highest Carbon Intensity	205.6 g (Jan 06, 2024)	165.8 g (Mar 13, 2025)
Highest Fossil %	24.0% (Jan 06, 2024)	17.6% (Mar 13, 2025)

5.2 Hourly Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	28.6 g (May 21, 2024 19:00)	35.1 g (Sep 21, 2025 17:00)
Highest Carbon Intensity	224.2 g (Jan 5, 2024 16:00)	175.3 g (Mar 13, 2025 17:00)

5.3 Days Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	310	327	+17
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	365	365	0
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	366	365	-1

5.4 Hours Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	7,426	7,830	+404
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	8,750	8,760	+10
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	8,784	8,760	-24

5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day

2025 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour

gCO₂eq/kWh

5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns

Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 85 g @ 08:00 | Trough: 75 g @ 00:00 | Spread: 10 g

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 78 g @ 07:00 | Trough: 71 g @ 22:00 | Spread: 7 g

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 48 g @ 06:00 | Trough: 45 g @ 19:00 | Spread: 4 g

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 60 g @ 10:00 | Trough: 54 g @ 22:00 | Spread: 6 g

Seasonal Comparison

Summer offers the lowest carbon intensity, with midday troughs reaching 45 gCO₂/kWh—40% lower than winter. Winter evening peaks are the most carbon-intensive at 85 gCO₂/kWh. Scheduling flexible loads during seasonal low-carbon windows maximizes emission reductions.

5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)

Carbon Intensity Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Notable monthly evolutions

ℹ️ Dec 2025: Carbon intensity was 23% lower in Dec

Change: -23% vs Dec 2024

Golden Hours

717 hours with both low price (<€4/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<46 gCO₂eq/kWh).

5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap

Carbon Intensity Heatmap

gCO₂eq/kWh

66.4 gCO₂eq/kWh yearly avg

hourly range: 35-175

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

1200

600

0

6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)

Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids

Renewable 2024

55.5%

Renewable 2025

58.8%

+3.3pp

Carbon-Free 2024

93.1%

Carbon-Free 2025

95.0%

+1.9pp

Monthly Carbon-Free Share

% of consumption (renewable + nuclear)

20242025

6.1 Days Above Thresholds

Days with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	294	330	+36
≥60% carbon-free	94	152	+58
≥70% carbon-free	5	19	+14

6.2 Hours Above Thresholds

Hours with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	6,729	7,687	+958
≥60% carbon-free	2,402	3,636	+1,234
≥70% carbon-free	190	531	+341

6.3 Multi-Level Carbon-Free % Heatmap

Carbon-Free % Heatmap

95.0 % yearly avg

hourly range: 81-99

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

100

50

0