Electricity Grid Review 2025: Denmark

January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025

Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)

1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)

Mean 2024

€70.0

Mean 2025

€80.1

+€10.1

Monthly Average Day-Ahead Price

EUR/MWh

20242025

Price-Carbon Correlation

Correlation coefficient: -0.69 (2024), -0.77 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.

1.1 Daily Price Extremes

Based on daily average prices

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Daily Avg	€414.4 (Dec 12, 2024)	€239.6 (Jan 20, 2025)
Lowest Daily Avg	€4.5 (Jun 09, 2024)	€0.1 (Oct 04, 2025)
Negative Price Days	0	0
Negative Price Hours	316	342

1.2 Hourly Price Extremes

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Price	€936.3 (Dec 12, 2024 16:00)	€583.4 (Jan 20, 2025 16:00)
Lowest Price	€-60.0 (Aug 11, 2024 11:00)	€-30.9 (Aug 10, 2025 12:00)

1.3 Days by Price Range

Based on daily average prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
€0-50	108	65	-43
€51-100	204	213	+9
€101-150	45	75	+30
€151-200	7	9	+2
€201+	2	3	+1

1.4 Hours by Price Range

Based on hourly prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
Negative	316	342	+26
€0-50	2,571	1,725	-846
€51-100	3,981	3,887	-94
€101-150	1,552	2,277	+725
€151-200	218	368	+150
€201+	113	152	+39

1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day

2025 Average Price by Hour

€/MWh

1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)

Price Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Negative Price Events

342 hours with negative prices across 76 days. Most negative: €-30.9/MWh.

Intraday Price Volatility

Average daily price swing: €116/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €469/MWh on 2025-01-20 (low: €114, high: €583).

Notable monthly evolutions

⚠️ Feb 2025: Electricity prices were 100% higher than Feb 2024

Change: +100% vs 2024

1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap

Price Heatmap

€/MWh

81.6 €/MWh yearly avg

hourly range: -31-583

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

600

175

-250

2. Load

Load 2024

38.3 TWh

Load 2025

40.3 TWh

+5.2%

Production 2024

34.5 TWh

Production 2025

32.8 TWh

-5.0%

2.1 Monthly Load

Monthly Consumption vs Production

TWh per month

Consumption 2024Consumption 2025Production 2024Production 2025

2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day

5.32.60

00:0006:0012:0018:0023:00

Load Pattern

Peak demand at 11:00 (5.3 GW). Minimum at 03:00 (3.9 GW).

2.3 Weekday vs Weekend

Weekday Average

4.7 GW

Weekend Average

4.3 GW

2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)

Net Load Pattern (excl. Solar & Wind)

GW

Solar Integration Challenge

Evening ramp of 0.8 GW from belly (12:00) to evening peak (17:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.

2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns

The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 2.4 GW @ 03:00 | Peak: 3.2 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 0.8 GW

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 1.6 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 2.7 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 1.1 GW

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 1.1 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 2.2 GW @ 19:00 | Ramp: 1.2 GW

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 1.9 GW @ 11:00 | Peak: 2.7 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 0.8 GW

Seasonal Comparison

Evening ramps are similar across seasons: winter 0.8 GW, summer 1.2 GW. The grid faces consistent ramping challenges year-round.

2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)

Rank	Highest Load	Date	Lowest Load	Date
1	7000.1 GW	2025-11-21 23:00	1615.0 GW	2025-06-17 10:00
2	6818.7 GW	2025-11-21 21:00	1669.9 GW	2025-06-17 13:00
3	6715.8 GW	2025-02-20 10:00	1700.1 GW	2025-06-17 11:00

3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Key Insight

Production-based carbon intensity is 33.5g higher than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (28.8g in 2025). This means Denmark's imports are cleaner than domestic production, lowering the carbon footprint of consumed electricity.

Production-Based 2024

169.8 g

Production-Based 2025

152.4 g

-17.4

Flow-Traced 2024

136.3 g

Flow-Traced 2025

123.6 g

-12.7

3.1 Monthly Production Mix

Production Mix by Month

GWh per month by source

2024: left bars2025: right bars

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)

2024 Production

59%

14%

11%

10%

5%

2025 Production

59%

14%

13%

8%

5%

3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix

2024 Flow-Traced

43%

18%

10%

9%

7%

7%

6%

2025 Flow-Traced

41%

19%

12%

9%

7%

6%

5%

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix

Denmark produces no nuclear power locally, but ~7% of consumed electricity comes from nuclear imports. Denmark produces no hydro power locally, but ~18% of consumed electricity comes from hydro imports. Wind makes up ~59% of local production but only ~41% of consumed electricity (some exported).

3.5 Power Mix Comparison

Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source

Source	Prod 2024	Flow-traced 2024	Prod 2025	Flow-traced 2025
Wind	59.3%	42.7%	58.7% (-0.6pp)	41.4% (-1.3pp)
Hydro	0.0%	17.9%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	18.5% (+0.6pp)
Solar	10.7%	9.3%	13.3% (+2.6pp)	11.6% (+2.3pp)
Biomass	14.1%	9.7%	14.2% (+0.1pp)	9.3% (-0.4pp)
Nuclear	0.0%	7.1%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	7.1% (+0.0pp)
Gas	5.4%	5.6%	5.3% (-0.1pp)	5.8% (+0.2pp)
Coal	9.5%	6.8%	7.5% (-2.0pp)	5.3% (-1.5pp)
Oil	1.0%	0.7%	1.0% (+0.0pp)	0.6% (-0.1pp)
Hydro Storage	0.0%	0.3%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	0.4% (+0.1pp)

3.6 Key Trend

Wind Dominance (Flow-Traced)

Denmark's electricity consumption is dominated by ~41.4% wind. Solar saw the biggest growth from 9.3% to 11.6%.

4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows

Total Exports 2025

21.69 TWh

-9.5%

Total Imports 2025

29.22 TWh

+5.1%

Net Position 2025

-7.54 TWh

Denmark: Net Electricity Importer

Denmark imported a net 7.54 TWh in 2025.

4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Denmark → Neighbor)

Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity

11.05 TWh

293g

4.81 TWh

96g

1.93 TWh

89g

NO-NO2

1.19 TWh

88g

SE-SE3

0.40 TWh

110g

SE-SE4

0.24 TWh

123g

4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Denmark)

Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity

NO-NO2

8.12 TWh

26g

SE-SE4

7.51 TWh

34g

SE-SE3

3.81 TWh

19g

3.54 TWh

103g

2.24 TWh

185g

2.01 TWh

267g

4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)

Neighbor	Net (TWh)	Direction
DE	+7.52	Net Exporter
GB	+2.58	Net Exporter
NL	-0.08	Net Importer
SE-SE3	-3.41	Net Importer
NO-NO2	-6.94	Net Importer
SE-SE4	-7.27	Net Importer

Positive = Denmark is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Denmark is net importer from that neighbor.

4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day

Cross-Border Flow Pattern by Hour

MW (positive = export, negative = import)

Net ExportNet Import

Cross-Border Flow Timing

Peak exports at 03:00 (-0.7 GW avg). Peak imports at 17:00 (1.0 GW avg).

4.5 Internal Flows Between Bidding Zones

Inter-Zonal Electricity Transfer

Denmark consists of multiple bidding zones with internal transmission links. These flows represent electricity transfers between zones within the country.

Link	Net Flow (TWh)	Avg CI (g/kWh)
DK-DK1 → DK-DK2	+0.17	122

Positive = net flow in the direction indicated. These are internal transfers and do not count as imports/exports.

5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Mean 2024

136.3 g

Mean 2025

123.6 g

-12.7

Monthly Average Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh (flow-traced)

20242025

5.1 Daily Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	49.0 g (May 21, 2024)	50.3 g (Jun 27, 2025)
Lowest Fossil %	2.7% (May 21, 2024)	3.8% (Jun 27, 2025)
Highest Carbon Intensity	372.9 g (Jan 08, 2024)	282.4 g (Nov 19, 2025)
Highest Fossil %	42.6% (Jan 08, 2024)	32.2% (Nov 19, 2025)

5.2 Hourly Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	37.1 g (Jun 2, 2024 22:00)	36.2 g (Jun 23, 2025 23:00)
Highest Carbon Intensity	471.8 g (Jan 16, 2024 09:00)	362.5 g (Jan 9, 2025 16:00)

5.3 Days Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	105	141	+36
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	319	338	+19
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	360	365	+5

5.4 Hours Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	2,995	3,687	+692
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	7,653	7,966	+313
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	8,569	8,725	+156

5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day

2025 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour

gCO₂eq/kWh

5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns

Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 166 g @ 16:00 | Trough: 130 g @ 01:00 | Spread: 37 g

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 142 g @ 18:00 | Trough: 107 g @ 14:00 | Spread: 34 g

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 100 g @ 18:00 | Trough: 81 g @ 23:00 | Spread: 19 g

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 145 g @ 16:00 | Trough: 115 g @ 23:00 | Spread: 30 g

Seasonal Comparison

Summer offers the lowest carbon intensity, with midday troughs reaching 81 gCO₂/kWh—37% lower than winter. Winter evening peaks are the most carbon-intensive at 166 gCO₂/kWh. Scheduling flexible loads during seasonal low-carbon windows maximizes emission reductions.

5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)

Carbon Intensity Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Notable monthly evolutions

ℹ️ Jan 2025: Carbon intensity was 34% lower in Jan

Change: -34% vs Jan 2024

ℹ️ Jul 2025: Carbon intensity was 23% lower in Jul

Change: -23% vs Jul 2024

Golden Hours

1,007 hours with both low price (<€53/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<83 gCO₂eq/kWh).

5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap

Carbon Intensity Heatmap

gCO₂eq/kWh

123.6 gCO₂eq/kWh yearly avg

hourly range: 36-363

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

1200

600

0

6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)

Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids

Renewable 2024

80.0%

Renewable 2025

81.2%

+1.2pp

Carbon-Free 2024

87.0%

Carbon-Free 2025

88.2%

+1.2pp

Monthly Carbon-Free Share

% of consumption (renewable + nuclear)

20242025

6.1 Days Above Thresholds

Days with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	366	365	-1
≥60% carbon-free	359	365	+6
≥70% carbon-free	334	336	+2

6.2 Hours Above Thresholds

Hours with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	8,761	8,760	-1
≥60% carbon-free	8,527	8,700	+173
≥70% carbon-free	7,450	7,643	+193

6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap

Renewable % Heatmap

81.2 % yearly avg

hourly range: 53-96

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

100

50

0

Electricity Grid Review 2025: Denmark

January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025

Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)

1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)

Mean 2024

€70.0

Mean 2025

€80.1

+€10.1

Monthly Average Day-Ahead Price

EUR/MWh

20242025

Price-Carbon Correlation

Correlation coefficient: -0.69 (2024), -0.77 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.

1.1 Daily Price Extremes

Based on daily average prices

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Daily Avg	€414.4 (Dec 12, 2024)	€239.6 (Jan 20, 2025)
Lowest Daily Avg	€4.5 (Jun 09, 2024)	€0.1 (Oct 04, 2025)
Negative Price Days	0	0
Negative Price Hours	316	342

1.2 Hourly Price Extremes

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Price	€936.3 (Dec 12, 2024 16:00)	€583.4 (Jan 20, 2025 16:00)
Lowest Price	€-60.0 (Aug 11, 2024 11:00)	€-30.9 (Aug 10, 2025 12:00)

1.3 Days by Price Range

Based on daily average prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
€0-50	108	65	-43
€51-100	204	213	+9
€101-150	45	75	+30
€151-200	7	9	+2
€201+	2	3	+1

1.4 Hours by Price Range

Based on hourly prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
Negative	316	342	+26
€0-50	2,571	1,725	-846
€51-100	3,981	3,887	-94
€101-150	1,552	2,277	+725
€151-200	218	368	+150
€201+	113	152	+39

1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day

2025 Average Price by Hour

€/MWh

1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)

Price Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Negative Price Events

342 hours with negative prices across 76 days. Most negative: €-30.9/MWh.

Intraday Price Volatility

Average daily price swing: €116/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €469/MWh on 2025-01-20 (low: €114, high: €583).

Notable monthly evolutions

⚠️ Feb 2025: Electricity prices were 100% higher than Feb 2024

Change: +100% vs 2024

1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap

Price Heatmap

€/MWh

81.6 €/MWh yearly avg

hourly range: -31-583

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

600

175

-250

2. Load

Load 2024

38.3 TWh

Load 2025

40.3 TWh

+5.2%

Production 2024

34.5 TWh

Production 2025

32.8 TWh

-5.0%

2.1 Monthly Load

Monthly Consumption vs Production

TWh per month

Consumption 2024Consumption 2025Production 2024Production 2025

2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day

5.32.60

00:0006:0012:0018:0023:00

Load Pattern

Peak demand at 11:00 (5.3 GW). Minimum at 03:00 (3.9 GW).

2.3 Weekday vs Weekend

Weekday Average

4.7 GW

Weekend Average

4.3 GW

2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)

Net Load Pattern (excl. Solar & Wind)

GW

Solar Integration Challenge

Evening ramp of 0.8 GW from belly (12:00) to evening peak (17:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.

2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns

The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 2.4 GW @ 03:00 | Peak: 3.2 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 0.8 GW

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 1.6 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 2.7 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 1.1 GW

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 1.1 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 2.2 GW @ 19:00 | Ramp: 1.2 GW

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 1.9 GW @ 11:00 | Peak: 2.7 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 0.8 GW

Seasonal Comparison

Evening ramps are similar across seasons: winter 0.8 GW, summer 1.2 GW. The grid faces consistent ramping challenges year-round.

2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)

Rank	Highest Load	Date	Lowest Load	Date
1	7000.1 GW	2025-11-21 23:00	1615.0 GW	2025-06-17 10:00
2	6818.7 GW	2025-11-21 21:00	1669.9 GW	2025-06-17 13:00
3	6715.8 GW	2025-02-20 10:00	1700.1 GW	2025-06-17 11:00

3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Key Insight

Production-Based 2024

169.8 g

Production-Based 2025

152.4 g

-17.4

Flow-Traced 2024

136.3 g

Flow-Traced 2025

123.6 g

-12.7

3.1 Monthly Production Mix

Production Mix by Month

GWh per month by source

2024: left bars2025: right bars

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)

2024 Production

59%

14%

11%

10%

5%

2025 Production

59%

14%

13%

8%

5%

3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix

2024 Flow-Traced

43%

18%

10%

9%

7%

7%

6%

2025 Flow-Traced

41%

19%

12%

9%

7%

6%

5%

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix

3.5 Power Mix Comparison

Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source

Source	Prod 2024	Flow-traced 2024	Prod 2025	Flow-traced 2025
Wind	59.3%	42.7%	58.7% (-0.6pp)	41.4% (-1.3pp)
Hydro	0.0%	17.9%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	18.5% (+0.6pp)
Solar	10.7%	9.3%	13.3% (+2.6pp)	11.6% (+2.3pp)
Biomass	14.1%	9.7%	14.2% (+0.1pp)	9.3% (-0.4pp)
Nuclear	0.0%	7.1%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	7.1% (+0.0pp)
Gas	5.4%	5.6%	5.3% (-0.1pp)	5.8% (+0.2pp)
Coal	9.5%	6.8%	7.5% (-2.0pp)	5.3% (-1.5pp)
Oil	1.0%	0.7%	1.0% (+0.0pp)	0.6% (-0.1pp)
Hydro Storage	0.0%	0.3%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	0.4% (+0.1pp)

3.6 Key Trend

Wind Dominance (Flow-Traced)

Denmark's electricity consumption is dominated by ~41.4% wind. Solar saw the biggest growth from 9.3% to 11.6%.

4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows

Total Exports 2025

21.69 TWh

-9.5%

Total Imports 2025

29.22 TWh

+5.1%

Net Position 2025

-7.54 TWh

Denmark: Net Electricity Importer

Denmark imported a net 7.54 TWh in 2025.

4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Denmark → Neighbor)

Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity

11.05 TWh

293g

4.81 TWh

96g

1.93 TWh

89g

NO-NO2

1.19 TWh

88g

SE-SE3

0.40 TWh

110g

SE-SE4

0.24 TWh

123g

4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Denmark)

Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity

NO-NO2

8.12 TWh

26g

SE-SE4

7.51 TWh

34g

SE-SE3

3.81 TWh

19g

3.54 TWh

103g

2.24 TWh

185g

2.01 TWh

267g

4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)

Neighbor	Net (TWh)	Direction
DE	+7.52	Net Exporter
GB	+2.58	Net Exporter
NL	-0.08	Net Importer
SE-SE3	-3.41	Net Importer
NO-NO2	-6.94	Net Importer
SE-SE4	-7.27	Net Importer

Positive = Denmark is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Denmark is net importer from that neighbor.

4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day

Cross-Border Flow Pattern by Hour

MW (positive = export, negative = import)

Net ExportNet Import

Cross-Border Flow Timing

Peak exports at 03:00 (-0.7 GW avg). Peak imports at 17:00 (1.0 GW avg).

4.5 Internal Flows Between Bidding Zones

Inter-Zonal Electricity Transfer

Denmark consists of multiple bidding zones with internal transmission links. These flows represent electricity transfers between zones within the country.

Link	Net Flow (TWh)	Avg CI (g/kWh)
DK-DK1 → DK-DK2	+0.17	122

Positive = net flow in the direction indicated. These are internal transfers and do not count as imports/exports.

5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Mean 2024

136.3 g

Mean 2025

123.6 g

-12.7

Monthly Average Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh (flow-traced)

20242025

5.1 Daily Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	49.0 g (May 21, 2024)	50.3 g (Jun 27, 2025)
Lowest Fossil %	2.7% (May 21, 2024)	3.8% (Jun 27, 2025)
Highest Carbon Intensity	372.9 g (Jan 08, 2024)	282.4 g (Nov 19, 2025)
Highest Fossil %	42.6% (Jan 08, 2024)	32.2% (Nov 19, 2025)

5.2 Hourly Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	37.1 g (Jun 2, 2024 22:00)	36.2 g (Jun 23, 2025 23:00)
Highest Carbon Intensity	471.8 g (Jan 16, 2024 09:00)	362.5 g (Jan 9, 2025 16:00)

5.3 Days Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	105	141	+36
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	319	338	+19
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	360	365	+5

5.4 Hours Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	2,995	3,687	+692
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	7,653	7,966	+313
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	8,569	8,725	+156

5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day

2025 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour

gCO₂eq/kWh

5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns

Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 166 g @ 16:00 | Trough: 130 g @ 01:00 | Spread: 37 g

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 142 g @ 18:00 | Trough: 107 g @ 14:00 | Spread: 34 g

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 100 g @ 18:00 | Trough: 81 g @ 23:00 | Spread: 19 g

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 145 g @ 16:00 | Trough: 115 g @ 23:00 | Spread: 30 g

Seasonal Comparison

5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)

Carbon Intensity Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Notable monthly evolutions

ℹ️ Jan 2025: Carbon intensity was 34% lower in Jan

Change: -34% vs Jan 2024

ℹ️ Jul 2025: Carbon intensity was 23% lower in Jul

Change: -23% vs Jul 2024

Golden Hours

1,007 hours with both low price (<€53/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<83 gCO₂eq/kWh).

5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap

Carbon Intensity Heatmap

gCO₂eq/kWh

123.6 gCO₂eq/kWh yearly avg

hourly range: 36-363

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

1200

600

0

6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)

Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids

Renewable 2024

80.0%

Renewable 2025

81.2%

+1.2pp

Carbon-Free 2024

87.0%

Carbon-Free 2025

88.2%

+1.2pp

Monthly Carbon-Free Share

% of consumption (renewable + nuclear)

20242025

6.1 Days Above Thresholds

Days with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	366	365	-1
≥60% carbon-free	359	365	+6
≥70% carbon-free	334	336	+2

6.2 Hours Above Thresholds

Hours with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	8,761	8,760	-1
≥60% carbon-free	8,527	8,700	+173
≥70% carbon-free	7,450	7,643	+193

6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap

Renewable % Heatmap

81.2 % yearly avg

hourly range: 53-96

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

100

50

0