Electricity Grid Review 2025: Austria

January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025

Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)

1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)

Mean 2024

€80.8

Mean 2025

€98.9

+€18.1

Monthly Average Day-Ahead Price

EUR/MWh

20242025

Price-Carbon Correlation

Correlation coefficient: -0.66 (2024), -0.75 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.

1.1 Daily Price Extremes

Based on daily average prices

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Daily Avg	€359.2 (Dec 12, 2024)	€230.0 (Jan 20, 2025)
Lowest Daily Avg	€3.5 (May 01, 2024)	€16.0 (May 11, 2025)
Negative Price Days	0	0
Negative Price Hours	278	378

1.2 Hourly Price Extremes

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Price	€850.0 (Dec 12, 2024 16:00)	€561.8 (Jan 20, 2025 16:00)
Lowest Price	€-126.3 (May 1, 2024 11:00)	€-252.6 (May 11, 2025 11:00)

1.3 Days by Price Range

Based on daily average prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
€0-50	56	19	-37
€51-100	227	173	-54
€101-150	71	156	+85
€151-200	8	14	+6
€201+	4	3	-1

1.4 Hours by Price Range

Based on hourly prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
Negative	278	378	+100
€0-50	1,387	626	-761
€51-100	4,706	3,104	-1,602
€101-150	2,055	3,771	+1,716
€151-200	246	637	+391
€201+	99	174	+75

1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day

2025 Average Price by Hour

€/MWh

1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)

Price Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Negative Price Events

378 hours with negative prices across 80 days. Most negative: €-252.6/MWh.

Intraday Price Volatility

Average daily price swing: €119/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €447/MWh on 2025-01-20 (low: €114, high: €562).

Notable monthly evolutions

⚠️ Feb 2025: Electricity prices were 118% higher than Feb 2024

Change: +118% vs 2024

1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap

Price Heatmap

€/MWh

98.9 €/MWh yearly avg

hourly range: -253-562

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

600

175

-250

2. Load

Load 2024

59.8 TWh

Load 2025

59.0 TWh

-1.4%

Production 2024

60.8 TWh

Production 2025

51.9 TWh

-14.6%

2.1 Monthly Load

Monthly Consumption vs Production

TWh per month

Consumption 2024Consumption 2025Production 2024Production 2025

2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day

7.63.80

00:0006:0012:0018:0023:00

Load Pattern

Peak demand at 17:00 (7.6 GW). Minimum at 01:00 (5.4 GW).

2.3 Weekday vs Weekend

Weekday Average

7.1 GW

Weekend Average

5.9 GW

2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)

Net Load Pattern (excl. Solar & Wind)

GW

Solar Integration Challenge

Evening ramp of 2.6 GW from belly (11:00) to evening peak (17:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.

2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns

The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 5.0 GW @ 02:00 | Peak: 7.6 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 2.7 GW

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 3.2 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 6.3 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 3.1 GW

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 2.9 GW @ 11:00 | Peak: 5.9 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 3.0 GW

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 4.0 GW @ 01:00 | Peak: 6.4 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 2.4 GW

Seasonal Comparison

Evening ramps are similar across seasons: winter 2.7 GW, summer 3.0 GW. The grid faces consistent ramping challenges year-round.

2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)

Rank	Highest Load	Date	Lowest Load	Date
1	10670.8 GW	2025-01-14 07:00	3991.1 GW	2025-08-10 05:00
2	10600.0 GW	2025-01-15 08:00	4013.0 GW	2025-04-15 00:00
3	10546.9 GW	2025-01-15 07:00	4065.9 GW	2025-04-16 01:00

3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Key Insight

Production-based carbon intensity is 50.8g lower than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (73.9g in 2025). This means Austria's domestic production is slightly cleaner than consumed electricity.

Production-Based 2024

74.7 g

Production-Based 2025

95.5 g

+20.8

Flow-Traced 2024

125.5 g

Flow-Traced 2025

169.4 g

+43.9

3.1 Monthly Production Mix

Production Mix by Month

GWh per month by source

2024: left bars2025: right bars

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)

2024 Production

57%

15%

10%

9%

6%

4%

2025 Production

51%

16%

13%

10%

5%

4%

3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix

2024 Flow-Traced

48%

14%

9%

9%

7%

5%

4%

2025 Flow-Traced

38%

15%

12%

10%

7%

6%

6%

5%

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix

Austria produces no nuclear power locally, but ~6% of consumed electricity comes from nuclear imports. Hydro makes up ~51% of local production but only ~38% of consumed electricity (some exported). Austria produces no coal power locally, but ~7% of consumed electricity comes from coal imports.

3.5 Power Mix Comparison

Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source

Source	Prod 2024	Flow-traced 2024	Prod 2025	Flow-traced 2025
Hydro	56.6%	47.7%	50.9% (-5.7pp)	37.9% (-9.8pp)
Wind	14.5%	14.4%	15.8% (+1.3pp)	15.3% (+0.9pp)
Gas	9.5%	9.3%	13.4% (+3.9pp)	12.2% (+2.9pp)
Solar	9.1%	8.8%	10.5% (+1.4pp)	10.0% (+1.2pp)
Coal	0.0%	4.5%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	7.0% (+2.5pp)
Hydro Storage	5.8%	7.0%	4.5% (-1.3pp)	6.4% (-0.6pp)
Nuclear	0.0%	3.9%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	6.2% (+2.3pp)
Biomass	4.4%	4.3%	5.0% (+0.6pp)	4.8% (+0.5pp)
Oil	0.0%	0.1%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	0.1% (+0.0pp)

3.6 Key Trend

Hydro Share (Flow-Traced)

Austria's electricity consumption is led by ~37.9% hydro. Gas saw the biggest growth from 9.3% to 12.2%.

4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows

Total Exports 2025

15.76 TWh

-12.4%

Total Imports 2025

21.21 TWh

+51.9%

Net Position 2025

-5.45 TWh

Austria: Net Electricity Importer

Austria imported a net 5.45 TWh in 2025.

4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Austria → Neighbor)

Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity

6.03 TWh

164g

4.76 TWh

168g

2.27 TWh

167g

1.44 TWh

99g

IT-NO

1.18 TWh

165g

0.08 TWh

56g

4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Austria)

Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity

8.90 TWh

323g

8.84 TWh

467g

2.40 TWh

36g

0.67 TWh

183g

0.32 TWh

234g

4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)

Neighbor	Net (TWh)	Direction
SI	+5.70	Net Exporter
HU	+4.09	Net Exporter
IT-NO	+1.18	Net Exporter
CH	-0.13	Net Importer
DE	-7.46	Net Importer
CZ	-8.76	Net Importer

Positive = Austria is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Austria is net importer from that neighbor.

4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day

Cross-Border Flow Pattern by Hour

MW (positive = export, negative = import)

Net ExportNet Import

Cross-Border Flow Timing

Peak exports at 18:00 (0.3 GW avg). Peak imports at 08:00 (1.2 GW avg).

5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Mean 2024

125.5 g

Mean 2025

169.4 g

+43.9

Monthly Average Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh (flow-traced)

20242025

5.1 Daily Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	27.2 g (Jun 30, 2024)	32.6 g (Aug 03, 2025)
Lowest Fossil %	0.3% (Jun 30, 2024)	0.7% (Jun 05, 2025)
Highest Carbon Intensity	315.1 g (Dec 30, 2024)	347.9 g (Jan 19, 2025)
Highest Fossil %	41.8% (Dec 05, 2024)	46.6% (Jan 18, 2025)

5.2 Hourly Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	21.0 g (Jun 19, 2024 23:00)	19.9 g (Jun 4, 2025 21:00)
Highest Carbon Intensity	393.2 g (Dec 3, 2024 22:00)	424.1 g (Feb 17, 2025 03:00)

5.3 Days Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	197	125	-72
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	300	228	-72
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	363	349	-14

5.4 Hours Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	4,589	3,002	-1587
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	7,223	5,619	-1604
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	8,551	7,939	-612

5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day

2025 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour

gCO₂eq/kWh

5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns

Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 304 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 235 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 69 g

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 184 g @ 00:00 | Trough: 96 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 88 g

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 108 g @ 01:00 | Trough: 56 g @ 10:00 | Spread: 52 g

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 195 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 137 g @ 10:00 | Spread: 58 g

Seasonal Comparison

Summer offers the lowest carbon intensity, with midday troughs reaching 56 gCO₂/kWh—76% lower than winter. Winter evening peaks are the most carbon-intensive at 304 gCO₂/kWh. Scheduling flexible loads during seasonal low-carbon windows maximizes emission reductions.

5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)

Carbon Intensity Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Notable monthly evolutions

ℹ️ Jan 2025: Carbon intensity was 57% higher in Jan

Change: +57% vs Jan 2024

ℹ️ Feb 2025: Carbon intensity was 86% higher in Feb

Change: +86% vs Feb 2024

ℹ️ Mar 2025: Carbon intensity was 65% higher in Mar

Change: +65% vs Mar 2024

ℹ️ Apr 2025: Carbon intensity was 64% higher in Apr

Change: +64% vs Apr 2024

ℹ️ May 2025: Carbon intensity was 55% higher in May

Change: +55% vs May 2024

ℹ️ Jun 2025: Carbon intensity was 34% higher in Jun

Change: +34% vs Jun 2024

ℹ️ Jul 2025: Carbon intensity was 63% higher in Jul

Change: +63% vs Jul 2024

ℹ️ Oct 2025: Carbon intensity was 70% higher in Oct

Change: +70% vs Oct 2024

Golden Hours

1,309 hours with both low price (<€83/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<81 gCO₂eq/kWh).

5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap

Carbon Intensity Heatmap

gCO₂eq/kWh

169.4 gCO₂eq/kWh yearly avg

hourly range: 20-424

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

1200

600

0

6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)

Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids

Renewable 2024

82.1%

Renewable 2025

74.2%

-7.9pp

Carbon-Free 2024

85.9%

Carbon-Free 2025

80.4%

-5.5pp

Monthly Carbon-Free Share

% of consumption (renewable + nuclear)

20242025

6.1 Days Above Thresholds

Days with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	366	359	-7
≥60% carbon-free	335	291	-44
≥70% carbon-free	298	227	-71

6.2 Hours Above Thresholds

Hours with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	8,633	8,201	-432
≥60% carbon-free	8,150	6,950	-1,200
≥70% carbon-free	7,084	5,443	-1,641

6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap

Renewable % Heatmap

74.2 % yearly avg

hourly range: 34-100

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

100

50

0

Electricity Grid Review 2025: Austria

January 1 - December 31, 2024 vs 2025

Data coverage: 366 days (2024), 365 days (2025)

1. Electricity Price (Day-Ahead, EUR/MWh)

Mean 2024

€80.8

Mean 2025

€98.9

+€18.1

Monthly Average Day-Ahead Price

EUR/MWh

20242025

Price-Carbon Correlation

Correlation coefficient: -0.66 (2024), -0.75 (2025). Strong negative correlation - higher renewable generation = lower prices, reflecting the merit order effect.

1.1 Daily Price Extremes

Based on daily average prices

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Daily Avg	€359.2 (Dec 12, 2024)	€230.0 (Jan 20, 2025)
Lowest Daily Avg	€3.5 (May 01, 2024)	€16.0 (May 11, 2025)
Negative Price Days	0	0
Negative Price Hours	278	378

1.2 Hourly Price Extremes

Metric	2024	2025
Highest Price	€850.0 (Dec 12, 2024 16:00)	€561.8 (Jan 20, 2025 16:00)
Lowest Price	€-126.3 (May 1, 2024 11:00)	€-252.6 (May 11, 2025 11:00)

1.3 Days by Price Range

Based on daily average prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
€0-50	56	19	-37
€51-100	227	173	-54
€101-150	71	156	+85
€151-200	8	14	+6
€201+	4	3	-1

1.4 Hours by Price Range

Based on hourly prices

Range (€/MWh)	2024	2025	Δ
Negative	278	378	+100
€0-50	1,387	626	-761
€51-100	4,706	3,104	-1,602
€101-150	2,055	3,771	+1,716
€151-200	246	637	+391
€201+	99	174	+75

1.5 Average Price by Hour of Day

2025 Average Price by Hour

€/MWh

1.6 Price Distribution (Hourly)

Price Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Negative Price Events

378 hours with negative prices across 80 days. Most negative: €-252.6/MWh.

Intraday Price Volatility

Average daily price swing: €119/MWh. Maximum single-day swing was €447/MWh on 2025-01-20 (low: €114, high: €562).

Notable monthly evolutions

⚠️ Feb 2025: Electricity prices were 118% higher than Feb 2024

Change: +118% vs 2024

1.7 Multi-Level Price Heatmap

Price Heatmap

€/MWh

98.9 €/MWh yearly avg

hourly range: -253-562

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

600

175

-250

2. Load

Load 2024

59.8 TWh

Load 2025

59.0 TWh

-1.4%

Production 2024

60.8 TWh

Production 2025

51.9 TWh

-14.6%

2.1 Monthly Load

Monthly Consumption vs Production

TWh per month

Consumption 2024Consumption 2025Production 2024Production 2025

2.2 Average Load by Hour of Day

7.63.80

00:0006:0012:0018:0023:00

Load Pattern

Peak demand at 17:00 (7.6 GW). Minimum at 01:00 (5.4 GW).

2.3 Weekday vs Weekend

Weekday Average

7.1 GW

Weekend Average

5.9 GW

2.4 Net Load Pattern (Duck Curve)

Net Load Pattern (excl. Solar & Wind)

GW

Solar Integration Challenge

Evening ramp of 2.6 GW from belly (11:00) to evening peak (17:00). This requires flexible dispatchable generation or storage to meet rapidly increasing demand as solar output decreases.

2.5 Seasonal Net Load Patterns

The duck curve shape varies significantly by season due to changes in solar intensity and heating/cooling demand patterns.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 5.0 GW @ 02:00 | Peak: 7.6 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 2.7 GW

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 3.2 GW @ 12:00 | Peak: 6.3 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 3.1 GW

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 2.9 GW @ 11:00 | Peak: 5.9 GW @ 18:00 | Ramp: 3.0 GW

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Net Load Pattern

GW

Belly: 4.0 GW @ 01:00 | Peak: 6.4 GW @ 17:00 | Ramp: 2.4 GW

Seasonal Comparison

Evening ramps are similar across seasons: winter 2.7 GW, summer 3.0 GW. The grid faces consistent ramping challenges year-round.

2.6 Peak & Minimum Demand Records (2025)

Rank	Highest Load	Date	Lowest Load	Date
1	10670.8 GW	2025-01-14 07:00	3991.1 GW	2025-08-10 05:00
2	10600.0 GW	2025-01-15 08:00	4013.0 GW	2025-04-15 00:00
3	10546.9 GW	2025-01-15 07:00	4065.9 GW	2025-04-16 01:00

3. Production-Based vs Flow-Traced Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Key Insight

Production-based carbon intensity is 50.8g lower than flow-traced carbon intensity in 2024 (73.9g in 2025). This means Austria's domestic production is slightly cleaner than consumed electricity.

Production-Based 2024

74.7 g

Production-Based 2025

95.5 g

+20.8

Flow-Traced 2024

125.5 g

Flow-Traced 2025

169.4 g

+43.9

3.1 Monthly Production Mix

Production Mix by Month

GWh per month by source

2024: left bars2025: right bars

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.2 Production Mix (Domestic Generation)

2024 Production

57%

15%

10%

9%

6%

4%

2025 Production

51%

16%

13%

10%

5%

4%

3.3 Flow-Traced Power Mix

2024 Flow-Traced

48%

14%

9%

9%

7%

5%

4%

2025 Flow-Traced

38%

15%

12%

10%

7%

6%

6%

5%

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Gas

Coal

Oil

Hydro Storage

Battery

3.4 Import/Export Impact on Mix

3.5 Power Mix Comparison

Production vs Flow-Traced consumption by source

Source	Prod 2024	Flow-traced 2024	Prod 2025	Flow-traced 2025
Hydro	56.6%	47.7%	50.9% (-5.7pp)	37.9% (-9.8pp)
Wind	14.5%	14.4%	15.8% (+1.3pp)	15.3% (+0.9pp)
Gas	9.5%	9.3%	13.4% (+3.9pp)	12.2% (+2.9pp)
Solar	9.1%	8.8%	10.5% (+1.4pp)	10.0% (+1.2pp)
Coal	0.0%	4.5%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	7.0% (+2.5pp)
Hydro Storage	5.8%	7.0%	4.5% (-1.3pp)	6.4% (-0.6pp)
Nuclear	0.0%	3.9%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	6.2% (+2.3pp)
Biomass	4.4%	4.3%	5.0% (+0.6pp)	4.8% (+0.5pp)
Oil	0.0%	0.1%	0.0% (+0.0pp)	0.1% (+0.0pp)

3.6 Key Trend

Hydro Share (Flow-Traced)

Austria's electricity consumption is led by ~37.9% hydro. Gas saw the biggest growth from 9.3% to 12.2%.

4. Cross-Border Electricity Flows

Total Exports 2025

15.76 TWh

-12.4%

Total Imports 2025

21.21 TWh

+51.9%

Net Position 2025

-5.45 TWh

Austria: Net Electricity Importer

Austria imported a net 5.45 TWh in 2025.

4.1 2025 Gross Exports (Austria → Neighbor)

Total electricity exported to each country — with average carbon intensity

6.03 TWh

164g

4.76 TWh

168g

2.27 TWh

167g

1.44 TWh

99g

IT-NO

1.18 TWh

165g

0.08 TWh

56g

4.2 2025 Gross Imports (Neighbor → Austria)

Total electricity imported from each country — with average carbon intensity

8.90 TWh

323g

8.84 TWh

467g

2.40 TWh

36g

0.67 TWh

183g

0.32 TWh

234g

4.3 Net Position by Neighbor (2025)

Neighbor	Net (TWh)	Direction
SI	+5.70	Net Exporter
HU	+4.09	Net Exporter
IT-NO	+1.18	Net Exporter
CH	-0.13	Net Importer
DE	-7.46	Net Importer
CZ	-8.76	Net Importer

Positive = Austria is net exporter to that neighbor. Negative = Austria is net importer from that neighbor.

4.4 Flow Pattern by Hour of Day

Cross-Border Flow Pattern by Hour

MW (positive = export, negative = import)

Net ExportNet Import

Cross-Border Flow Timing

Peak exports at 18:00 (0.3 GW avg). Peak imports at 08:00 (1.2 GW avg).

5. Carbon Intensity (gCO₂eq/kWh)

Mean 2024

125.5 g

Mean 2025

169.4 g

+43.9

Monthly Average Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh (flow-traced)

20242025

5.1 Daily Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	27.2 g (Jun 30, 2024)	32.6 g (Aug 03, 2025)
Lowest Fossil %	0.3% (Jun 30, 2024)	0.7% (Jun 05, 2025)
Highest Carbon Intensity	315.1 g (Dec 30, 2024)	347.9 g (Jan 19, 2025)
Highest Fossil %	41.8% (Dec 05, 2024)	46.6% (Jan 18, 2025)

5.2 Hourly Records

Metric	2024	2025
Lowest Carbon Intensity	21.0 g (Jun 19, 2024 23:00)	19.9 g (Jun 4, 2025 21:00)
Highest Carbon Intensity	393.2 g (Dec 3, 2024 22:00)	424.1 g (Feb 17, 2025 03:00)

5.3 Days Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	197	125	-72
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	300	228	-72
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	363	349	-14

5.4 Hours Below Thresholds

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
< 100 gCO₂eq/kWh	4,589	3,002	-1587
< 200 gCO₂eq/kWh	7,223	5,619	-1604
< 300 gCO₂eq/kWh	8,551	7,939	-612

5.5 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour of Day

2025 Average Carbon Intensity by Hour

gCO₂eq/kWh

5.6 Seasonal Carbon Intensity Patterns

Carbon intensity daily patterns shift with seasonal changes in renewable generation and electricity demand.

Winter (Dec-Feb)

Winter (Dec-Feb) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 304 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 235 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 69 g

Spring (Mar-May)

Spring (Mar-May) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 184 g @ 00:00 | Trough: 96 g @ 11:00 | Spread: 88 g

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Summer (Jun-Aug) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 108 g @ 01:00 | Trough: 56 g @ 10:00 | Spread: 52 g

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Fall (Sep-Nov) Carbon Intensity

gCO₂eq/kWh

Peak: 195 g @ 22:00 | Trough: 137 g @ 10:00 | Spread: 58 g

Seasonal Comparison

5.7 Carbon Intensity Distribution (Hourly)

Carbon Intensity Distribution

Number of hours at each level

20242025

Notable monthly evolutions

ℹ️ Jan 2025: Carbon intensity was 57% higher in Jan

Change: +57% vs Jan 2024

ℹ️ Feb 2025: Carbon intensity was 86% higher in Feb

Change: +86% vs Feb 2024

ℹ️ Mar 2025: Carbon intensity was 65% higher in Mar

Change: +65% vs Mar 2024

ℹ️ Apr 2025: Carbon intensity was 64% higher in Apr

Change: +64% vs Apr 2024

ℹ️ May 2025: Carbon intensity was 55% higher in May

Change: +55% vs May 2024

ℹ️ Jun 2025: Carbon intensity was 34% higher in Jun

Change: +34% vs Jun 2024

ℹ️ Jul 2025: Carbon intensity was 63% higher in Jul

Change: +63% vs Jul 2024

ℹ️ Oct 2025: Carbon intensity was 70% higher in Oct

Change: +70% vs Oct 2024

Golden Hours

1,309 hours with both low price (<€83/MWh) and low carbon intensity (<81 gCO₂eq/kWh).

5.8 Multi-Level Carbon Intensity Heatmap

Carbon Intensity Heatmap

gCO₂eq/kWh

169.4 gCO₂eq/kWh yearly avg

hourly range: 20-424

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

1200

600

0

6. Renewable & Carbon-Free Energy (Flow-Traced)

Includes electricity exchanged with neighboring grids

Renewable 2024

82.1%

Renewable 2025

74.2%

-7.9pp

Carbon-Free 2024

85.9%

Carbon-Free 2025

80.4%

-5.5pp

Monthly Carbon-Free Share

% of consumption (renewable + nuclear)

20242025

6.1 Days Above Thresholds

Days with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	366	359	-7
≥60% carbon-free	335	291	-44
≥70% carbon-free	298	227	-71

6.2 Hours Above Thresholds

Hours with carbon-free share above threshold

Threshold	2024	2025	Δ
≥50% carbon-free	8,633	8,201	-432
≥60% carbon-free	8,150	6,950	-1,200
≥70% carbon-free	7,084	5,443	-1,641

6.3 Multi-Level Renewable % Heatmap

Renewable % Heatmap

74.2 % yearly avg

hourly range: 34-100

Yearly

Monthly

Daily

Hourly

100

50

0